346 lines
9.8 KiB
Groff
346 lines
9.8 KiB
Groff
.\" $OpenBSD: newfs.8,v 1.80 2024/01/09 03:16:00 guenther Exp $
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.\" $NetBSD: newfs.8,v 1.12 1995/03/18 14:58:41 cgd Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/27/94
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.\"
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.Dd $Mdocdate: January 9 2024 $
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.Dt NEWFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm newfs , mount_mfs
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.Nd construct a new file system
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm newfs
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl Nq
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.Op Fl b Ar block-size
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.Op Fl c Ar fragments-per-cylinder-group
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.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
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.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
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.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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.Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir
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.Op Fl i Ar bytes
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.Op Fl m Ar free-space
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.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-format
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.Op Fl o Ar optimization
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl s Ar size
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.Op Fl T Ar disktype
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.Op Fl t Ar fstype
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.Ar special
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.Ek
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.Pp
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.Nm mount_mfs
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl b Ar block-size
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.Op Fl c Ar fragments-per-cylinder-group
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.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
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.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
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.Op Fl i Ar bytes
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.Op Fl m Ar free-space
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.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-format
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.Op Fl o Ar options
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.Op Fl P Ar file
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.Op Fl s Ar size
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.Ar special node
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.Ek
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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Before running
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.Nm ,
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the disk must be labeled using
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.Xr disklabel 8 .
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.Nm
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builds a file system on the specified
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.Ar special
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device,
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basing its defaults on the information in the disk label.
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Typically the defaults are reasonable, although
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.Nm
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has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar special
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file should be a raw device,
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for example
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.Pa /dev/rsd0a ;
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if a relative path like
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.Pa sd0a
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is specified,
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the corresponding raw device is used.
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.Pp
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.Nm mount_mfs
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is used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount it
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on a specified node.
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.Nm mount_mfs
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exits and the contents of the file system are lost
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when the file system is unmounted.
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If
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.Nm mount_mfs
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is sent a signal while running,
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for example during system shutdown,
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it will attempt to unmount its
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corresponding file system.
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The parameters to
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.Nm mount_mfs
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are the same as those to
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.Nm newfs .
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The special file is only used to read the disk label which provides
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a set of configuration parameters for the memory based file system.
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The special file is typically that of the primary swap area,
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since that is where the file system will be backed up when
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free memory gets low and the memory supporting
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the file system has to be paged.
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If the keyword
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.Dq swap
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is used instead of a special file name, default configuration parameters
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will be used.
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(This option is useful when trying to use
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.Nm mount_mfs
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on a machine without any disks.)
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.Pp
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Both
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.Nm
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and
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.Nm mount_mfs
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now have the functionality of
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.Xr fsirand 8
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built in, so it is not necessary to run
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.Xr fsirand 8
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manually unless you wish to re-randomize the
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file system (or list the inode generation numbers).
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.Pp
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The options to
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.Nm
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are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl b Ar block-size
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The block size of the file system, in bytes.
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If a disklabel is available, the default is read from it.
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Otherwise the default is 16 KB or eight times the fragment size,
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whichever is smaller.
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.It Fl c Ar fragments-per-cylinder-group
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The number of fragments per cylinder group in a file system.
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The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters.
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This value is dependent on a number of other parameters,
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in particular the block size and the number of bytes per inode.
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.It Fl e Ar maxbpg
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This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file can
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allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
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allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
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The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl f Ar frag-size
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The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
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If a disklabel is available, the default is read from it.
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Otherwise the default is 2048.
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.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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The expected average file size for the file system in bytes.
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.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir
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The expected average number of files per directory on the file system.
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.It Fl i Ar bytes
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This specifies the density of inodes in the file system.
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The default is to create an inode for every 4 fragments,
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for 4k disks one inode for every 2 fragments.
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If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
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to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
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.It Fl m Ar free-space
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The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
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space threshold.
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The default value used is 5%.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl N
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Causes the file system parameters to be printed out
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without really creating the file system.
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.It Fl O Ar filesystem-format
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Select the filesystem format:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It 1
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Fast File System (FFS), the default for
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.Nm mount_mfs .
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.It 2
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Enhanced Fast File System (FFS2), the default for
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.Nm .
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.El
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.It Fl o Ar optimization
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.Ar space
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or
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.Ar time .
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The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the
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time spent allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space
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fragmentation on the disk.
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Unless an optimization has been specified,
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if the value of minfree (see above) is less than 5%, the default
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is to optimize for space; if the value of minfree is greater than
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or equal to 5%, the default is to optimize for time.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl q
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Operate in quiet mode.
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With this option,
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.Nm
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will not print extraneous information like superblock backups.
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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The size of a sector in bytes (almost always 512).
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Alternatively
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.Ar sector-size
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may instead use a multiplier, as documented in
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.Xr scan_scaled 3 .
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.Ar sector-size
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should be 512 or a multiple of it because the kernel operates
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512\-byte blocks internally.
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A sector is the smallest addressable unit on the physical device.
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Changing this is useful only when using
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.Nm
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to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on
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a different type of disk than the one on which it is initially
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created (for example on a write-once disk).
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Note that changing this
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from its default will make it impossible for
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.Xr fsck 8
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to find the alternate superblocks automatically if the standard
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superblock is lost.
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.It Fl s Ar size
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The size of the file system in sectors (see
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.Fl S ) .
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Alternatively
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.Ar size
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may instead use a multiplier, as documented in
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.Xr scan_scaled 3 ,
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to specify size in bytes; in this case
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.Ar size
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is rounded up to the next sector boundary.
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The maximum size of an FFS file system is 2,147,483,647 (2^31 \- 1) of
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512\-byte blocks, slightly less than 1 TB.
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FFS2 file systems can be as large as 64 PB.
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Note however that for
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.Nm mount_mfs
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the practical limit is based on
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.Va datasize
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in
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.Xr login.conf 5 ,
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and ultimately depends on the per-arch
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.Dv MAXDSIZ
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limit.
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.It Fl T Ar disktype
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Uses information for the specified disk from
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.Xr disktab 5
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instead of trying to get the information from the
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.Xr disklabel 5 .
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.It Fl t Ar fstype
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Set the file system type of which file system you wish to create.
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.Nm
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will be smart enough to run the alternate newfs_XXX program instead.
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.El
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.Pp
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The options to
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.Nm mount_mfs
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are as described for
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.Nm ,
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except for the
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.Fl o
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and
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.Fl P
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options.
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.Pp
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Those options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl o Ar options
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Options are specified with a
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.Fl o
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flag followed by a comma separated string of options.
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See the
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.Xr mount 8
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man page for possible options and their meanings.
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.It Fl P Ar file
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If
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.Ar file
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is a directory, populate the created mfs file system with the
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contents of the directory.
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If
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.Ar file
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is a block device, populate the created mfs file system with the
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contents of the FFS file system contained on the device.
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.El
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.Pp
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If the
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.Fl P Ar file
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option is not used, the owner and mode of the created mfs file
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system will be the same as the owner and mode of the mount point.
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
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.Bl -tag -width COLUMNS
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.It Ev COLUMNS
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If set to a positive integer,
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output is formatted to the given width in columns.
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Otherwise,
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.Nm
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defaults to the terminal width, or 80 columns if the output is not a terminal.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr disklabel 8 ,
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.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
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.Xr fsck 8 ,
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.Xr fsirand 8 ,
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.Xr growfs 8 ,
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.Xr mount 8 ,
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.Xr tunefs 8
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.Rs
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.%A M. McKusick
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.%A W. Joy
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.%A S. Leffler
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.%A R. Fabry
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.%T A Fast File System for UNIX
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.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
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.%V 3
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.%P pp. 181\(en197
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.%D August 1984
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.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
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.Re
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.Rs
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.%A M. McKusick
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.%A M. Karels
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.%A K. Bostic
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.%T "A Pageable Memory Based Filesystem"
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.%J "USENIX Summer Conference Proceedings"
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.%D 1990
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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command appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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