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251 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
251 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)grep.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
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.\"
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.Dd April 18, 1994
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.Dt GREP 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm grep
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.Nd file pattern searcher
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm grep
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.Op Fl bchilnosvw
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.Op Fl e Ar pattern
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.Op Ar
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.Nm egrep
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.Op Fl bchilnosv
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.Op Fl e Ar pattern
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.Op Fl f Ar pattern_file
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.Op Ar
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.Nm fgrep
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.Op Fl bchilnosvx
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.Op Fl e Ar pattern
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.Op Fl f Ar pattern_file
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.Op Ar
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm grep
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utilities search the given input files selecting lines
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which match one or more patterns; the type of patterns is controlled
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by the options specified.
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By default, a pattern
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matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the
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pattern matches the input line without its trailing <new-line>.
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A null RE matches every line.
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Each input line that matches at
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least one of the patterns is written to the standard output.
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.Pp
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For simple patterns or
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.Xr ex 1
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or
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.Xr ed 1
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style regular expressions, the
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.Nm grep
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utility is used.
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The
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.Nm egrep
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utility
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can handle extended regular expressions and
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embedded <newline>s in patterns.
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The
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.Nm fgrep
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utility is quick but can handle only fixed strings.
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A fixed string
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is a string of characters,
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each character
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is matched only by itself.
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The pattern
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value can consist of multiple lines with
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embedded <newline>s.
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In this case, the <newline>s
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act as alternation characters, allowing any of the
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pattern lines to match a portion of the input.
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.Pp
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The following options are available:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl b
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The block number on the disk in which a matched pattern is located
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is displayed in front of the respective matched line.
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.It Fl c
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Only a count of selected lines is written to standard
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output.
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.It Fl e Ar expression
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Specify a pattern used during the search of the
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input.
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Multiple
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.Fl e
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options can be used to specify
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multiple patterns; an input line is selected if it
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matches any of the specified patterns.
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.It Fl f Ar pattern_file
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The pattern is read from the file named by the
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pathname pattern_file.
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Trailing newlines
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in the pattern_file are ignored.
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.Pf ( Nm Egrep
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and
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.Nm fgrep
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only).
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.It Fl h
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Never print filename headers with output lines.
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.It Fl i
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The case of letters is ignored in making comparisons \- that is, upper and
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lower case are considered identical.
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.It Fl l
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Only the names of files containing selected lines
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are written to standard output.
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Pathnames are
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listed once per file searched.
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If the standard
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input is searched, the pathname
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.Sq Fl
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is written.
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.It Fl n
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Each output line is preceded by its relative line
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number in the file; each file starting at line 1.
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The line number counter is reset for each file processed.
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This option is ignored if
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.Fl c ,
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.Fl l ,
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or
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.Fl s
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is
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specified.
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.It Fl o
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Always print filename headers with output lines.
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.It Fl s
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Silent mode. Nothing is printed (except error messages).
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This is useful for checking the error status.
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.It Fl v
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Selected lines are those
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.Em not
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matching the specified
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patterns.
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.It Fl x
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Only input lines selected against an entire fixed
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string or regular expression are considered to be
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matching lines.
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.Pf ( Nm Fgrep
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only).
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.It Fl w
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The expression is searched for as a word
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(as if surrounded by `\e<' and `\e>', see
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.Xr ex 1 . )
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.Pf ( Nm Grep
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only)
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.Pp
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.El
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If no file arguments are specified, the
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standard input is used.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm grep
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utility exits with one of the following values:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width flag -compact
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.It Li 0
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One or more lines were selected.
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.It Li 1
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No lines were selected.
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.It Li >1
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An error occurred.
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.El
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.Sh EXTENDED REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
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The following characters are interpreted by
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.Nm egrep :
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width flag -compact
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.It Cm \&$
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Align the match from the end of the line.
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.It Cm \&^
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Align the match from the beginning of the line.
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.It Cm \&|
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Add another pattern (see example below).
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.It Cm \&?
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Match 1 or less sequential repetitions of the pattern.
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.It Cm \&+
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Match 1 or more sequential repetitions of the pattern.
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.It Cm \&*
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Match 0 or more sequential repetitions of the pattern.
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.It Cm \&[]
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Match any single character or range of characters
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enclosed in the brackets.
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.It Cm \&\e
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Escape special characters which have meaning to
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.Nm egrep ,
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the set of {$,.,^,[,],|,?,+,*,(,)}.
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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To find all occurrences of the word patricia in a file:
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.Pp
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.Dl grep patricia myfile
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.Pp
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To find all occurrences of the pattern
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.Ql \&.Pp
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at the beginning of a line:
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.Pp
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.Dl grep '^\e.Pp'
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.Pp
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The apostrophes assure the entire expression is evaluated by
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.Nm grep
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instead of by the
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users shell.
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The carat or hat
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.Ql Li \&^
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means
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.Em from the beginning of a line ,
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and the
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.Ql Li \&\e
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escapes the
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.Ql Li \&.
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which would otherwise match any character.
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.Pp
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A simple example of an extended regular expression:
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.Pp
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.Dl egrep '19|20|25' calendar
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.Pp
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Peruses the file calendar looking for either 19, 20
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or 25.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr ed 1 ,
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.Xr ex 1 ,
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.Xr sed 1
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm grep
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command appeared in
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.At v6 .
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.Sh BUGS
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Lines are limited to 256 characters; longer lines are truncated.
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