HardenedBSD/usr.sbin/mrouted/mtrace.8

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.Dd May 8, 1995
.Dt MTRACE 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm mtrace
.Nd print multicast path from a source to a receiver
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl e Ar extrahops
.Op Fl g Ar gateway
.Op Fl i Ar if_addr
.Op Fl l
.Op Fl M
.Op Fl m Ar max_hops
.Op Fl n
.Op Fl O
.Op Fl p
.Op Fl P
.Op Fl q Ar nqueries
.Op Fl r Ar resp_dest
.Op Fl s
.Op Fl S Ar stat_int
.Op Fl t Ar ttl
.Op Fl T
.Op Fl U
.Op Fl v
.Op Fl w Ar waittime
.Ar source
.Op Ar receiver
.Op Ar group
.Sh DESCRIPTION
Assessing problems in the distribution of IP multicast traffic
can be difficult.
The
.Nm
utility utilizes a tracing feature implemented in multicast routers that is
accessed via an extension to the IGMP protocol.
A trace query is
passed hop-by-hop along the reverse path from the
.Ar receiver
to the
.Ar source ,
collecting hop addresses, packet counts, and routing error conditions
along the path, and then the response is returned to the requestor.
.Pp
The only required parameter is the
.Ar source
host name or address.
The default
.Ar receiver
is the host running mtrace, and the default
.Ar group
is 0.0.0.0, which is sufficient if packet loss
statistics for a particular multicast group are not needed.
These two
optional parameters may be specified to test the path to some other
receiver in a particular group, subject to some constraints as
detailed below.
The two parameters can be distinguished because the
.Ar receiver
is a unicast address and the
.Ar group
is a multicast address.
If the
.Fl g
flag is specified, the source address defaults to the host running
.Nm ,
and the receiver defaults to the router being addressed with
the
.Fl g
flag.
In this case, there are no required parameters.
.Pp
NOTE: For Solaris 2.4/2.5, if the multicast interface is not the default
interface, the
.Fl i
option must be used to set the local address.
.Pp
The following options are available:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl e Ar extrahops
Try tracing
.Ar extrahops
hops past a non-responding router.
.It Fl g Ar gwy
Send the trace query via unicast directly to the multicast router
.Ar gwy
rather than multicasting the query.
This must be the last-hop router on the path from the intended
.Ar source
to the
.Ar receiver .
.Pp
.Em CAUTION ! !
Versions 3.3 and 3.5 of
.Nm mrouted
will crash if a trace query is received via a
unicast packet and
.Nm mrouted
has no route for the
.Ar source
address.
Therefore, do not use the
.Fl g
option unless the target
.Nm mrouted
has been verified to be 3.4 or newer than 3.5.
.It Fl i Ar addr
Use
.Ar addr
as the local interface address (on a multi-homed host) for sending the
trace query and as the default for the
.Ar receiver
and the response destination.
.It Fl l
Loop indefinitely printing packet rate and loss statistics for the
multicast path every 10 seconds (see
.Fl S Ar stat_int ) .
.It Fl M
Always request the response using multicast rather than attempting
unicast for the last half of the tries.
.It Fl m Ar n
Set to
.Ar n
the maximum number of hops that will be traced from the
.Ar receiver
back toward the
.Ar source .
The default is 32 hops (infinity for the DVMRP routing protocol).
.It Fl n
Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically and numerically
(saves a nameserver address-to-name lookup for each router found on the
path).
.It Fl q Ar n
Set the maximum number of query attempts for any hop to
.Ar n .
The default is 3.
.It Fl O
Do not use the Router-Alert IP option on those requests which need it.
Some versions of Cisco's IOS cannot handle
multicast traceroutes with IP options, so it may be necessary to use the
.Fl O
flag if the last-hop router is a Cisco.
.It Fl p
Listen passively for multicast responses from traces initiated by
others.
This works best when run on a multicast router.
.It Fl P
Loop indefinitely collecting the path every 10 seconds (see
.Fl S Ar stat_int )
and printing it when it changes.
Do not print any statistics.
.It Fl r Ar host
Send the trace response to
.Ar host
rather than to the host on which
.Nm
is being run, or to a multicast address other than the one registered
for this purpose (224.0.1.32).
.It Fl s
Print a short form output including only the multicast path and not
the packet rate and loss statistics.
.It Fl S Ar n
Change the interval between statistics gathering traces to
.Ar n
seconds (default 10 seconds).
.It Fl t Ar ttl
Set the
.Ar ttl
(time-to-live, or number of hops) for multicast trace queries and
responses.
The default is 127, except for local queries to the "all
routers" multicast group which use ttl 1.
.It Fl T
"Tunnel statistics" mode; show loss rates for overall traffic.
These statistics can be extremely misleading.
.It Fl U
Always request the response using unicast rather than attempting
multicast first.
.It Fl v
Verbose mode; show hop times on the initial trace and statistics display.
Also show the route that was used to forward the initial trace.
.It Fl w Ar n
Set the time to wait for a trace response to
.Ar n
seconds (default 3 seconds).
.El
.Sh USAGE
.Ss "How It Works"
The technique used by the
.Nm traceroute
utility to trace unicast network paths will not work for IP multicast
because ICMP responses are specifically forbidden for multicast traffic.
Instead, a tracing feature has been built into the multicast routers.
This technique has the advantage that additional information about
packet rates and losses can be accumulated while the number of packets
sent is minimized.
.Pp
Since multicast uses
reverse path forwarding, the trace is run backwards from the
.Ar receiver
to the
.Ar source .
A trace query packet is sent to the last
hop multicast router (the leaf router for the desired
.Ar receiver
address).
The last hop router builds a trace response packet, fills in
a report for its hop, and forwards the trace packet using unicast to
the router it believes is the previous hop for packets originating
from the specified
.Ar source .
Each router along the path adds its report and forwards the packet.
When the trace response packet reaches the first hop router (the router
that is directly connected to the source's net), that router sends the
completed response to the response destination address specified in
the trace query.
.Pp
If some multicast router along the path does not implement the
multicast traceroute feature or if there is some outage, then no
response will be returned.
To solve this problem, the trace query
includes a maximum hop count field to limit the number of hops traced
before the response is returned.
That allows a partial path to be
traced.
.Pp
The reports inserted by each router contain not only the address of
the hop, but also the ttl required to forward and some flags to indicate
routing errors, plus counts of the total number of packets on the
incoming and outgoing interfaces and those forwarded for the specified
.Ar group .
Taking differences in these counts for two traces separated in time
and comparing the output packet counts from one hop with the input
packet counts of the next hop allows the calculation of packet rate
and packet loss statistics for each hop to isolate congestion
problems.
.Ss Finding the Last-Hop Router
The trace query must be sent to the multicast router which is the
last hop on the path from the
.Ar source
to the
.Ar receiver .
If the receiver is on the local subnet (as determined using the subnet
mask), then the default method is to multicast the trace query to
all-routers.mcast.net (224.0.0.2) with a ttl of 1.
Otherwise, the
trace query is multicast to the
.Ar group
address since the last hop router will be a member of that group if
the receiver is.
Therefore it is necessary to specify a group that
the intended receiver has joined.
This multicast is sent with a
default ttl of 127, which may not be sufficient for all cases (changed
with the
.Fl t
option).
If the last hop router is known, it may also be addressed directly
using the
.Fl g
option).
Alternatively, if it is desired to trace a group that the
receiver has not joined, but it is known that the last-hop router is a
member of another group, the
.Fl g
option may also be used to specify a different multicast address for the
trace query.
.Pp
When tracing from a multihomed host or router, the default receiver
address may not be the desired interface for the path from the source.
In that case, the desired interface should be specified explicitly as
the
.Ar receiver .
.Ss Directing the Response
By default,
.Nm
first attempts to trace the full reverse path, unless the number of
hops to trace is explicitly set with the
.Fl m
option.
If there is no response within a 3 second timeout interval
(changed with the
.Fl w
option), a "*" is printed and the probing switches to hop-by-hop mode.
Trace queries are issued starting with a maximum hop count of one and
increasing by one until the full path is traced or no response is
received.
At each hop, multiple probes are sent (default is three,
changed with
.Fl q
option).
The first half of the attempts (default is two) are made with
the reply address set to standard multicast address, mtrace.mcast.net
(224.0.1.32) with the ttl set to 32 more than what is needed to pass the
thresholds seen so far along the path to the receiver.
For each
additional attempt, the ttl is increased by another 32 each time up to
a maximum of 192.
Since the desired router may not be able to send a
multicast reply, the remainder of the attempts request that the
response be sent via unicast to the host running
.Nm .
Alternatively, the multicast ttl may be set explicitly with the
.Fl t
option, the initial multicast attempts can be forced to use unicast
instead with the
.Fl U
option, the final unicast attempts can be forced to use multicast
instead with the
.Fl M
option, or if you specify
.Fl UM ,
.Nm
will first attempt using unicast and then multicast.
For each attempt,
if no response is received within the timeout, a "*" is printed.
After
the specified number of attempts have failed,
.Nm
will try to query the next hop router with a DVMRP_ASK_NEIGHBORS2
request (as used by the
.Nm mrinfo
program) to see what kind of router it is.
The
.Nm
utility will try to query three (changed with the
.Fl e
option) hops past a non-responding router, in the hopes that even
though it is not capable of sending a response, it might be capable of
forwarding the request on.
.Sh EXAMPLES
The output of
.Nm
is in two sections.
The first section is a short listing of the hops
in the order they are queried, that is, in the reverse of the order
from the
.Ar source
to the
.Ar receiver .
For each hop, a line is printed showing the hop number (counted
negatively to indicate that this is the reverse path); the multicast
routing protocol (DVMRP, MOSPF, PIM, etc.); the threshold required to
forward data (to the previous hop in the listing as indicated by the
up-arrow character); and the cumulative delay for the query to reach
that hop (valid only if the clocks are synchronized).
This first
section ends with a line showing the round-trip time which measures
the interval from when the query is issued until the response is
received, both derived from the local system clock, and the total
ttl required for a packet to travel along this path.
A sample use and
output might be:
.Pp
.Bd -literal
oak.isi.edu 80# mtrace -l caraway.lcs.mit.edu 224.2.0.3
Mtrace from 18.26.0.170 to 128.9.160.100 via group 224.2.0.3
Querying full reverse path...
  0  oak.isi.edu (128.9.160.100)
 -1  cub.isi.edu (128.9.160.153)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  3 ms
 -2  la.dart.net (140.173.128.1)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  14 ms
 -3  dc.dart.net (140.173.64.1)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  50 ms
 -4  bbn.dart.net (140.173.32.1)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  63 ms
 -5  mit.dart.net (140.173.48.2)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  71 ms
 -6  caraway.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.170)
Round trip time 124 ms; total ttl of 6 required.
.Ed
.Pp
If a hop reports that it is using the default route to forward packets,
the word
.Em [default]
is printed after that hop.
If the
.Fl v
flag is supplied, the route being used to forward packets is printed
in the form
.Em [18.26.0/24] .
.Pp
The second section provides a pictorial view of the path in the
forward direction with data flow indicated by arrows pointing downward
and the query path indicated by arrows pointing upward.
For each hop,
both the entry and exit addresses of the router are shown if
different, along with the initial ttl required on the packet in order
to be forwarded at this hop and the propagation delay across the hop
assuming that the routers at both ends have synchronized clocks.
The right half of this section is composed of two sets of statistics.
The first column contains the average packet rate for all traffic at
each hop.
The remaining columns are the
number of packets lost, the number of packets sent, the percentage
lost, and the average packet rate at each hop.
These statistics are
calculated from differences between traces and from hop to hop as
explained above.
The first group shows the statistics for all traffic
flowing out the interface at one hop and in the interface at the next
hop.
The second group shows the statistics only for traffic forwarded
from the specified
.Ar source
to the specified
.Ar group .
The first group of statistics may be expanded to include loss rates
using the
.Fl T
option.
However, these numbers can be extremely misleading and require
detailed knowledge of the routers involved to be interpreted properly.
.Pp
These statistics are shown on one or two lines for each hop.
Without
any options, this second section of the output is printed only once,
approximately 10 seconds after the initial trace.
One line is shown
for each hop showing the statistics over that 10-second period.
If
the
.Fl l
option is given, the second section is repeated every 10 seconds and
two lines are shown for each hop.
The first line shows the statistics
for the last 10 seconds, and the second line shows the cumulative
statistics over the period since the initial trace, which is 101
seconds in the example below.
The second section of the output is
omitted if the
.Fl s
option is set or if no multicast group is specified.
.Pp
.Bd -literal
Waiting to accumulate statistics... Results after 101 seconds:

  Source       Response Dest    Overall   Packet Statistics For Traffic From
18.26.0.170    128.9.160.100    Packet    18.26.0.170 To 224.2.0.3
     |       __/ rtt  125 ms     Rate     Lost/Sent = Pct  Rate
     v      /    hop   65 ms    -------   ---------------------
18.26.0.144
140.173.48.2   mit.dart.net
     |     ^     ttl    1         0 pps      0/2  = --%  0 pps
     v     |     hop    8 ms      0 pps      0/18 =  0%  0 pps
140.173.48.1
140.173.32.1   bbn.dart.net
     |     ^     ttl    2         0 pps      0/2  = --%  0 pps
     v     |     hop   12 ms      0 pps      0/18 =  0%  0 pps
140.173.32.2
140.173.64.1   dc.dart.net
     |     ^     ttl    3        27 pps      0/2  = --%  0 pps
     v     |     hop   34 ms     26 pps      0/18 =  0%  0 pps
140.173.64.2
140.173.128.1  la.dart.net
     |     ^     ttl    4        83 pps      0/2  = --%  0 pps
     v     |     hop   11 ms     79 pps      0/18 =  0%  0 pps
140.173.128.2
128.9.160.153  cub.isi.edu
     |      \\__  ttl    5        83 pps      ?/2         0 pps
     v         \\ hop   -8 ms     79 pps      ?/18        0 pps
128.9.160.100  128.9.160.100
  Receiver     Query Source
.Ed
.Pp
Because the packet counts may be changing as the trace query is
propagating, there may be small errors (off by 1 or 2) in these
statistics.
However, those errors should not accumulate, so the
cumulative statistics line should increase in accuracy as a new trace
is run every 10 seconds.
There are two sources of larger errors, both
of which show up as negative losses:
.Pp
If the input to a node is from a multi-access network with more than
one other node attached, then the input count will be (close to) the
sum of the output counts from all the attached nodes, but the output
count from the previous hop on the traced path will be only part of
that.
Hence the output count minus the input count will be negative.
.Pp
In release 3.3 of the DVMRP multicast forwarding software for SunOS
and other systems, a multicast packet generated on a router will be
counted as having come in an interface even though it did not.
This
creates the negative loss that can be seen in the example above.
.Pp
Note that these negative losses may mask positive losses.
.Pp
In the example, there is also one negative hop time.
This simply
indicates a lack of synchronization between the system clocks across
that hop.
This example also illustrates how the percentage loss is
shown as two dashes when the number of packets sent is less than 10
because the percentage would not be statistically valid.
.Pp
A second example shows a trace to a receiver that is not local; the
query is sent to the last-hop router with the
.Fl g
option.
In this example, the trace of the full reverse path resulted
in no response because there was a node running an old version of
.Nm mrouted
that did not implement the multicast traceroute function, so
.Nm
switched to hop-by-hop mode.
The
.Dq Output pruned
error code
indicates that traffic for group 224.2.143.24 would not be forwarded.
.Pp
.Bd -literal
oak.isi.edu 108# mtrace -g 140.173.48.2 204.62.246.73 \\
                           butter.lcs.mit.edu 224.2.143.24
Mtrace from 204.62.246.73 to 18.26.0.151 via group 224.2.143.24
Querying full reverse path... * switching to hop-by-hop:
  0  butter.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.151)
 -1  jam.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.144)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  33 ms  Output pruned
 -2  bbn.dart.net (140.173.48.1)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  36 ms
 -3  dc.dart.net (140.173.32.2)  DVMRP  thresh^ 1  44 ms
 -4  darpa.dart.net (140.173.240.2)  DVMRP  thresh^ 16  47 ms
 -5  * * * noc.hpc.org (192.187.8.2) [mrouted 2.2] didn't respond
Round trip time 95 ms
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr map-mbone 8 ,
.Xr mrinfo 8 ,
.Xr mrouted 8 ,
.Xr traceroute 8
.Sh AUTHORS
.An -nosplit
Implemented by
.An Steve Casner
based on an initial prototype written by
.An Ajit Thyagarajan .
The multicast traceroute mechanism was designed by
.An Van Jacobson
with help from
.An Steve Casner ,
.An Steve Deering ,
.An Dino Farinacci ,
and
.An Deb Agrawal ;
it was implemented in
.Nm mrouted
by
.An Ajit Thyagarajan
and
.An Bill Fenner .
The option syntax and the output format of
.Nm
are modeled after the unicast
.Nm traceroute
program written by
.An Van Jacobson .
.Sh BUGS
Statistics collection in passive mode does not always produce the same output
as when actively collecting data.