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1130b656e5
This will make a number of things easier in the future, as well as (finally!) avoiding the Id-smashing problem which has plagued developers for so long. Boy, I'm glad we're not using sup anymore. This update would have been insane otherwise.
303 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
303 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
<!-- $FreeBSD$ -->
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<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
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<!--
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Copyright 1995 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
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its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
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granted, provided that both the above copyright notice and this
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permission notice appear in all copies, that both the above
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copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all
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supporting documentation, and that the name of M.I.T. not be used
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in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the
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software without specific, written prior permission. M.I.T. makes
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no representations about the suitability of this software for any
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purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied
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warranty.
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THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY M.I.T. ``AS IS''. M.I.T. DISCLAIMS
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ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
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INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT
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SHALL M.I.T. BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
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SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF
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OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
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SUCH DAMAGE.
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-->
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<sect><heading>S/Key<label id="skey"></heading>
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<p><em>Contributed by &a.wollman;<newline>25 September 1995.</em>
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<p>S/Key is a one-time password scheme based on a one-way hash function
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(in our version, this is MD4 for compatibility; other versions have
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used MD5 and DES-MAC). S/Key has been a standard part of all FreeBSD
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distributions since version 1.1.5, and is also implemented on a large
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and growing number of other systems. S/Key is a registered trademark
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of Bell Communications Research, Inc.
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<!-- XXX - is there a better word to use than UNIX? -->
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<p>There are three different sorts of passwords which we will talk about
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in the discussion below. The first is your usual UNIX-style or Kerberos
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password; we will call this a ``UNIX password''. The second sort is the
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one-time password which is generated by the S/Key `<tt/key/' program and
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accepted by the `<tt/keyinit/' program and the login prompt; we will call
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this a ``one-time password''. The final sort of password is the
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secret password which you give to the `<tt/key/' program (and sometimes the
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`<tt/keyinit/' program) which it uses to generate one-time passwords; we will
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call it a ``secret password'' or just unqualified ``password''.
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<p>The secret password does not necessarily have anything to do with your
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UNIX password (while they can be the same, this is not recommended).
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While UNIX passwords are limited to eight characters in length, your
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S/Key secret password can be as long as you like; I use seven-word
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phrases. In general, the S/Key system operates completely
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independently of the UNIX password system.
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<p>There are in addition two other sorts of data involved in the S/Key
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system; one is called the ``seed'' or (confusingly) ``key'', and
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consists of two letters and five digits, and the other is the
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``iteration count'' and is a number between 100 and 1. S/Key
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constructs a one-time password from these components by concatenating
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the seed and the secret password, then applying a one-way hash (the
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RSA Data Security, Inc., MD4 secure hash function) iteration-count
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times, and turning the result into six short English words. The
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`<tt/login/' and `<tt/su/' programs keep track of the last one-time
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password used, and the user is authenticated if the hash of the
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user-provided password is equal to the previous password. Because a
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one-way hash function is used, it is not possible to generate future
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one-time passwords having overheard one which was successfully used;
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the iteration count is decremented after each successful login to keep
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the user and login program in sync. (When you get the iteration count
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down to 1, it is time to reinitialize S/Key.)
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<p>There are four programs involved in the S/Key system which we will
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discuss below. The `<tt/key/' program accepts an iteration count, a
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seed, and a secret password, and generates a one-time password. The
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`<tt/keyinit/' program is used to initialized S/Key, and to change
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passwords, iteration counts, or seeds; it takes either a secret
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password, or an iteration count, seed, and one-time password. The
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`<tt/keyinfo/' program examines the <tt>/etc/skeykeys</tt> file and
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prints out the invoking user's current iteration count and seed.
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Finally, the `<tt/login/' and `<tt/su/' programs contain the necessary
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logic to accept S/Key one-time passwords for authentication. The
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`<tt/login/' program is also capable of disallowing the use of UNIX
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passwords on connections coming from specified addresses.
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<p>There are four different sorts of operations we will cover. The first
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is using the `<tt/keyinit/' program over a secure connection to set up
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S/Key for the first time, or to change your password or seed. The
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second operation is using the `<tt/keyinit/' program over an insecure
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connection, in conjunction with the `<tt/key/' program over a secure
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connection, to do the same. The third is using the `<tt/key/' program to
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log in over an insecure connection. The fourth is using the `<tt/key/'
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program to generate a number of keys which can be written down or
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printed out to carry with you when going to some location without
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secure connections to anywhere (like at a conference).
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<sect1><heading>Secure connection initialization</heading>
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<p>To initialize S/Key, change your password, or change your seed while
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logged in over a secure connection (e.g., on the console of a machine),
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use the `<tt/keyinit/' command without any parameters while logged in as
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yourself:
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<tscreen><verb>
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$ keyinit
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Updating wollman: ) these will not appear if you
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Old key: ha73895 ) have not used S/Key before
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Reminder - Only use this method if you are directly connected.
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If you are using telnet or rlogin exit with no password and use keyinit -s.
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Enter secret password: ) I typed my pass phrase here
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Again secret password: ) I typed it again
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ID wollman s/key is 99 ha73896 ) discussed below
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SAG HAS FONT GOUT FATE BOOM )
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</verb></tscreen>
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<p>There is a lot of information here. At the `Enter secret password:'
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prompt, you should enter some password or phrase (I use phrases of
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minimum seven words) which will be needed to generate login keys. The
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line starting `ID' gives the parameters of your particular S/Key
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instance: your login name, the iteration count, and seed. When
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logging in with S/Key, the system will remember these parameters and
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present them back to you so you do not have to remember them. The last
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line gives the particular one-time password which corresponds to those
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parameters and your secret password; if you were to re-login
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immediately, this one-time password is the one you would use.
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<sect1><heading>Insecure connection initialization</heading>
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<p>To initialize S/Key or change your password or seed over an insecure
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connection, you will need to already have a secure connection to some
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place where you can run the `<tt/key/' program; this might be in the form
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of a desk accessory on a Macintosh, or a shell prompt on a machine you
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trust (we will show the latter). You will also need to make up an
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iteration count (100 is probably a good value), and you may make up
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your own seed or use a randomly-generated one. Over on the insecure
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connection (to the machine you are initializing), use the `<tt/keyinit -s/'
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command:
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<tscreen><verb>
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$ keyinit -s
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Updating wollman:
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Old key: kh94741
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Reminder you need the 6 English words from the skey command.
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Enter sequence count from 1 to 9999: 100 ) I typed this
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Enter new key [default kh94742]:
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s/key 100 kh94742
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</verb></tscreen>
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To accept the default seed (which the `keyinit' program confusingly
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calls a `key'), press return. Then move over to your secure
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connection or S/Key desk accessory, and give it the same parameters:
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<tscreen><verb>
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$ key 100 kh94742
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Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin.
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Enter secret password: ) I typed my secret password
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HULL NAY YANG TREE TOUT VETO
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</verb></tscreen>
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Now switch back over to the insecure connection, and copy the one-time
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password generated by `<tt/key/' over to the `<tt/keyinit/' program:
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<tscreen><verb>
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s/key access password: HULL NAY YANG TREE TOUT VETO
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ID wollman s/key is 100 kh94742
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HULL NAY YANG TREE TOUT VETO
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</verb></tscreen>
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The rest of the description from the previous section applies here as
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well.
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<sect1><heading>Diversion: a login prompt</heading>
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<p>Before explaining how to generate one-time passwords, we should go
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over an S/Key login prompt:
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<tscreen><verb>
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$ telnet himalia
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Trying 18.26.0.186...
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Connected to himalia.lcs.mit.edu.
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Escape character is '^]'.
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s/key 92 hi52030
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Password:
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</verb></tscreen>
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Note that, before prompting for a password, the login program
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prints out the iteration number and seed which you will need in order
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to generate the appropriate key. You will also find a useful feature
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(not shown here): if you press return at the password prompt, the
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login program will turn echo on, so you can see what you are typing.
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This can be extremely useful if you are attempting to type in an S/Key
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by hand, such as from a printout.
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<p>If this machine were configured to disallow UNIX passwords over a
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connection from my machine, the prompt would have also included the
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annotation `<tt>(s/key required)</tt>', indicating that only S/Key one-time
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passwords will be accepted.
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<sect1><heading>Generating a single one-time password</heading>
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<p>Now, to generate the one-time password needed to answer this login
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prompt, we use a trusted machine and the `<tt/key/' program. (There are
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versions of the `<tt/key/' program from DOS and Windows machines, and there
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is an S/Key desk accessory for Macintosh computers as well.) The
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command-line `<tt/key/' program takes as its parameters the iteration count
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and seed; you can cut-and-paste right from the login prompt starting
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at ``<tt/key/'' to the end of the line. Thus:
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<tscreen><verb>
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$ key 92 hi52030 ) pasted from previous section
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Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin.
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Enter secret password: ) I typed my secret password
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ADEN BED WOLF HAW HOT STUN
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</verb></tscreen>
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And in the other window:
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<tscreen><verb>
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s/key 92 hi52030 ) from previous section
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Password:
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(turning echo on)
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Password:ADEN BED WOLF HAW HOT STUN
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Last login: Wed Jun 28 15:31:00 from halloran-eldar.l
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[etc.]
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</verb></tscreen>
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This is the easiest mechanism <em/if/ you have a trusted machine.
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<sect1><heading>Generating multiple one-time passwords</heading>
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<p>Sometimes we have to go places where no trusted machines or
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connections are available. In this case, it is possible to use the
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`<tt/key/' command to generate a number of one-time passwords in the same
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command; these can then be printed out. For example:
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<tscreen><verb>
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$ key -n 25 57 zz99999
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Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin.
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Enter secret password:
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33: WALT THY MALI DARN NIT HEAD
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34: ASK RICE BEAU GINA DOUR STAG
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[...]
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56: AMOS BOWL LUG FAT CAIN INCH
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57: GROW HAYS TUN DISH CAR BALM
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</verb></tscreen>
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The `<tt/-n 25/' requests twenty-five keys in sequence; the `<tt/57/' indicates
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the <em/ending/ iteration number; and the rest is as before. Note that
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these are printed out in <em/reverse/ order of eventual use. If you are
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really paranoid, you might want to write the results down by hand;
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otherwise you can cut-and-paste into `<tt/lpr/'. Note that each line shows
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both the iteration count and the one-time password; you may still find
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it handy to scratch off passwords as you use them.
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<sect1><heading>Restricting use of UNIX passwords</heading>
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<p>The configuration file <tt>/etc/skey.access</tt> can be used to
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configure restrictions on the use of UNIX passwords based on the host
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name, user name, terminal port, or IP address of a login session. The
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complete format of the file is documented in the <em/skey.access/(5)
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manual page; there are also some security cautions there which should
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be read before depending on this file for security.
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<p>If there is no <tt>/etc/skey.access</tt> file (which is the default
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state as FreeBSD is shipped), then all users will be allowed to use
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UNIX passwords. If the file exists, however, then all users will be
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required to use S/Key unless explicitly permitted to do otherwise by
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configuration statements in the <tt/skey.access/ file. In all cases,
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UNIX passwords are permitted on the console.
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<p>Here is a sample configuration file which illustrates the three most
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common sorts of configuration statements:
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<tscreen><verb>
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permit internet 18.26.0.0 255.255.0.0
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permit user jrl
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permit port ttyd0
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</verb></tscreen>
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The first line (`<tt/permit internet/') allows users whose IP source
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address (which is vulnerable to spoofing) matches the specified value
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and mask, to use UNIX passwords. This should not be considered a
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security mechanism, but rather, a means to remind authorized users
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that they are using an insecure network and need to use S/Key for
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authentication.
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<p>The second line (`<tt/permit user/') allows the specified user to
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use UNIX passwords at any time. Generally speaking, this should only
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be used for people who are either unable to use the `<tt/key/'
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program, like those with dumb terminals, or those who are uneducable.
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<p>The third line (`<tt/permit port/') allows all users logging in on
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the specified terminal line to use UNIX passwords; this would be used
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for dial-ups.
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