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0 2] Tor ified Home Network
Loic edited this page 2022-01-23 07:12:26 -05:00
Table of Contents

Creating a Completely Tor-ified Home Network

One thing I've always wanted to do is support Tor by running a public relay. However, I didn't have a machine to dedicate to it. All of my normal systems hold data I don't want to expose to Tor (ssh keys, browser sessions, etc.) Now that FreeBSD has initial support for the Raspberry Pi 3, I can now run an inexpensive Tor relay. At the same time, I could use it to create a special Tor network at home. All data transmitted over the network destined for the public Internet would go through Tor first.

Since I prefer HardenedBSD over normal FreeBSD, that's what we'll be setting up in this article. Though this article focuses on using the HardenedBSD on the RPI3, the concepts apply equally to FreeBSD or HardenedBSD on any architecture.

Important OPSEC Note

Please note that this article is one of a technical nature. It will show you how to do things. However, this article does NOT teach proper OPSEC. Please keep that in mind if you experiment.

Remember to never divulge sensitive or personal information over Tor if you're using it purely for anonymity. This includes even storing personal or revealing information on devices connected to the Tor-ified network.

Here's some great articles on OPSEC:

Please also see these two emails from the tor-relays mailing list:

  1. https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-relays/2014-October/005541.html
  2. https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-relays/2014-October/005544.html

Requirements

These are the things I used:

  1. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Rev 1.2 (aka, RPI3)
  2. Serial console cable for the RPI3
  3. Belkin F4U047 USB Ethernet Dongle
  4. Insignia NS-CR2021 USB 2.0 SD/MMC Memory Card Reader
  5. 32GB SanDisk Ultra PLUS MicroSDHC
  6. A separate system, running FreeBSD or HardenedBSD
  7. HardenedBSD image for the RPI3
  8. An external drive to be formatted
  9. A MicroUSB cable to power the RPI3
  10. Two network cables
  11. Optional: Edimax N150 EW-7811Un Wireless USB
  12. Basic knowledge of vi

As of the time of this writing, the HardenedBSD images for the rpi3 be found here: https://hardenedbsd.org/~shawn/rpi3/

Preparation

First, download, uncompress, and flash the HardenedBSD RPI3 image to the SD card. Replace the $usb veriable with the path to the sdcard device entry.

This bit assumes you're using a build from 2017-05-23. However, you'll probably want to use a newer build. Adjust the commands accordingly.

$ usb=/dev/da0
$ fetch https://hardenedbsd.org/~shawn/rpi3/2017-05-23/HardenedBSD-RaspberryPi3-aarch64-12.0-HARDENEDBSD-NODEBUG-5b2b82548001.img.xz
$ unxz HardenedBSD-RaspberryPi3-aarch64-12.0-HARDENEDBSD-NODEBUG-5b2b82548001.img.xz
$ sudo dd if=HardenedBSD-RaspberryPi3-aarch64-12.0-HARDENEDBSD-NODEBUG-5b2b82548001.img of=$usb bs=64k

Attach the serial console to your RPI3 and plug the USB side to your system. Now open a new terminal and connect to the console:

$ sudo cu -s 115200 -l /dev/cuaU0

Plug in the MicroUSB cable to the RPI3 and watch it boot up to the login screen. By default, there's a non-root account with the username/password of hbsd/hbsd. The root account has no password.

Initial Setup

Now that we have HardenedBSD flashed, we'll want to do the initial setup tasks.

Grow the root filesystem to fill the full SD card:

# service growfs onestart

Edit /boot/loader.conf to look like this:

geom_label_load="YES"           # File system labels (see glabel(8))
if_ure_load="YES"
pf_load="YES"

Edit /etc/rc.conf to look like this:

hostname="torified"
ifconfig_ue0="DHCP"
ifconfig_ue1="inet 192.168.5.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"
sshd_enable="YES"

powerd_enable="YES"

# Nice if you have a network, else annoying.
#ntpd_enable="YES"
ntpd_sync_on_start="YES"

# Uncomment to disable common services (more memory)
#cron_enable="NO"
#syslogd_enable="NO"
sendmail_enable="NONE"
sendmail_submit_enable="NO"
sendmail_outbound_enable="NO"
sendmail_msp_queue_enable="NO"
ntpd_enable="YES"

tor_enable="YES"
pf_enable="YES"
dhcpd_enable="YES"

Edit /etc/make.conf to look like this:

MAKE_JOBS_NUMBER=2

Installing Packages

Previously, this section was about installing the following packages via the ports tree. Now that HardenedBSD maintains a signed package repo for 12-CURRENT/arm64, that is no longer needed. Using packages is now the preferred method for this article.

Required packages:

  1. ports-mgmt/pkg
  2. security/tor
  3. net/isc-dhcp43-server
# pkg install -y tor isc-dhcp43-server

The first time you run pkg install, it will install ports-mgmt/pkg for you. Thus, you only need to install tor and isc-dhcp43-server.

Configuring pf

Tor has native support for pf, so that's what we'll use for the transparent proxy part.

In my setup, the onboard NIC (ue0) is connected to the normal LAN and the USB NIC (ue1) is the NIC we'll want the tor-ified devices to connect to. ue0 has an DHCP address in the 192.168.1.0/24 network and ue1 has a static IP of 192.168.5.1/24.

Edit /etc/pf.conf to look like this:

wan_if="ue0"
lan_if="ue1"

non_tor = "{ 192.168.5.0/24 }"
trans_port = "9040"
dns_port = "1053"

scrub in

# These "no rdr" rules are meant to block plaintext ports
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 23
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 25
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 53
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to ! 10.192.0.0/10 port 80
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 88
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 138
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 139
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 143
no rdr on { $lan_if } inet proto tcp to port 213

rdr pass on $lan_if inet proto tcp to !($lan_if) -> 127.0.0.1 port $trans_port
rdr pass on $lan_if inet proto udp to port domain -> 127.0.0.1 port $dns_port

# Allow local network traffic on LAN, but disallow everything else.
# This blocks egress on the plaintext ports as described in the "no
# rdr" rules above.
pass quick proto tcp from $lan_if:network to $lan_if:network
block return quick proto tcp from { $lan_if:network } to any

pass quick on { lo0 $wan_if } keep state
pass out quick route-to $lan_if inet proto udp to port $dns_port keep state
pass out quick inet to $non_tor keep state
pass out route-to lo0 inet proto tcp all flags S/SA modulate state

Append the following line to /etc/devfs.conf:

own pf _tor:_tor

At this point, I would actually reboot. That way, pf gets loaded at boot and devfs picks up the new ownership of /dev/pf.

Configuring tor

This is what my /usr/local/etc/tor/torrc file looks like. I also have a local SOCKS proxy enabled so I can still connect to Tor simply using another system that isn't fully behind the Tor-ified network.

SOCKSPort 0.0.0.0:9050
SOCKSPolicy accept 192.168.1.0/24
SOCKSPolicy accept 192.168.5.0/24
SOCKSPolicy reject *
Log notice file /var/log/tor-notices.log

# NOTE: This section enables Tor relay mode. Remove if you just want
# a torified network.
ORPort 9001
ExitPolicy reject *:*
nickname tornop
ContactInfo torified@example.com
# End of relay section

VirtualAddrNetwork 10.192.0.0/10
AutomapHostsOnResolve 1
TransPort 9040
DNSPort 1053

Tor is now fully set up to be both a public relay and a transparent proxy for the network!

Configuring dhcpd

This part is optional. If you don't want to offer DHCP on your Torified network, skip this section. You'll simply need to use static IPs and set both the default gateway and default nameserver to 192.168.5.1.

Edit your /usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf file to look like this:

subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
}

subnet 192.168.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        range 192.168.5.100 192.168.5.250;
        option routers 192.168.5.1;
        option domain-name-servers 192.168.5.1;
        option domain-name "torified.dev";
}

Perform one more reboot to make sure everything comes up nicely.

We're now all done! You should now be fully, 100% set up as a Torified network. Happy onioning!

Optional: Wireless Client

In case you can't plugin to an ethernet port (like, guest wifi at a coffee shop), you can use a USB wireless dongle. I recommend the Edimax N150 EW-7811Un adapter, since that's natively supported via the rtwn(4) driver in FreeBSD.

You will need to edit your /etc/pf.conf file to set lan_if to "wlan0".

If you're connecting to an open wireless network that does NOT have a captive portal, setting up wireless is rather easy:

# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev rtwn0 ssid name_of_wireless_ssid up
# dhclient wlan0

If you're connecting to a WPA-secured network that does NOT also have a captive portal, you'll need to edit your /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf file. Mine looks something like this:

network={
	ssid="some ssid here"
	psk="network wpa2 password here"
}

Then, in /etc/rc.conf, I would have:

wlans_rtwn0="wlan0"
ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

I've not yet tried connecting to a network with a captive portal. Once I encounter a captive portal setup, I'll update this article with instructions on how to login to it.

Optional: Wireless AP

I'm going to go pretty quick with this section, since having read all of the above, you should be familiar with what's going on. On my RPI3, I now have two USB Wireless NICs: wlan0 and wlan1. wlan0 is to act as a wireless client and wlan1 as a wireless AP.

In my /etc/rc.conf file, I have:

wlans_rtwn1="wlan1"
create_args_wlan1="wlanmode hostap"
ifconfig_wlan1="inet 192.168.12.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid tornet mode 11g"

In my /etc/pf.conf file, I have:

wan_if="wlan0"
lan_if="igb1"
wlan_if="wlan1"

non_tor = "{ 192.168.11.0/24, 192.168.12.0/24 }"
trans_port = "9040"
dns_port = "1053"

scrub in

no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 23
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 25
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 53
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to ! 10.192.0.0/10 port 80
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 88
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 138
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 139
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 143
no rdr on { $lan_if, $wlan_if } inet proto tcp to port 213

rdr pass on $wlan_if inet proto tcp to !($wlan_if) -> 127.0.0.1 port $trans_port
rdr pass on $wlan_if inet proto udp to port domain -> 127.0.0.1 port $dns_port

rdr pass on $lan_if inet proto tcp to !($lan_if) -> 127.0.0.1 port $trans_port
rdr pass on $lan_if inet proto udp to port domain -> 127.0.0.1 port $dns_port

pass quick proto tcp from $lan_if:network to $lan_if:network
block return quick proto tcp from { $lan_if:network, $wlan_if:network } to any

pass quick on { lo0 $wan_if } keep state
pass out quick route-to $lan_if inet proto udp to port $dns_port keep state
pass out quick route-to $wlan_if inet proto udp to port $dns_port keep state
pass out quick inet to $non_tor keep state
pass out route-to lo0 inet proto tcp all flags S/SA modulate state

In my /usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf file, I have:

subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
}

subnet 192.168.11.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        range 192.168.11.100 192.168.11.250;
        option routers 192.168.11.1;
        option domain-name-servers 192.168.11.1;
        option domain-name "torified.dev";
}

subnet 192.168.12.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        range 192.168.12.100 192.168.12.250;
        option routers 192.168.12.1;
        option domain-name-servers 192.168.12.1;
        option domain-name "torifiedwifi.dev";
}

Connecting to a captive portal network

Connecting to a network that uses a captive portal is tricky, since connecting to Tor will most likely be blocked until you authenticate with the captive portal.

Additionally, since the RPI3 isn't running a GUI with a web browser, the RPI3 itself cannot perform the authentication step.

NOTE: The following steps have the potential to leak info. Those who want to be extra careful likely will want to find another network not secured by a captive portal.

In order to authenticate, you'll need to perform the following steps:

  1. Stop Tor on the RPI3
  2. Set up NAT on the RPI3
  3. Connect a device to the RPI3's network you set up above (wired or wireless).
  4. Open a web browser, and browse to some internet-facing IP address (I plugged in 8.8.8.8, Google's public DNS server).

Stopping Tor is as easy as running the following command as root:

# service tor stop

Setting up NAT will require you to have a new pf configuration file, which I conveniently placed at /etc/pf.conf.nat:

nat on wlan0 from any to any -> (wlan0)
pass in all
pass out all

In this case, wlan0 is the NIC connected to the captive portal network. You'll also need to set the net.inet.ip.forwarding sysctl node to 1 and load the new pf ruleset:

# sysctl net.inet.ip.fowarding=1
# pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf.nat

Once that's done, you can now use your device to browse to the internet-facing IP address. You should be redirected to the captive portal authentication page.

Once authenticated, you can undo the pf ruleset change, the IP forward mode, and start Tor back up:

# pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf
# sysctl net.inet.ip.fowarding=0
# service tor start

You should now be good to go to start using your Tor-ified network. Again, performing these steps does have the possibility of leaking personally identifying information to either the public internet or the local network. Please keep that in mind prior to following these steps.